Overview
Raw water treatment is the first stage in producing water fit for industrial or municipal use, removing suspended solids, turbidity, colour, and microbiological contamination from river, reservoir, or groundwater sources. Effective raw water clarification is critical for downstream process reliability, particularly in petrochemical complexes, LNG plants, and power stations where makeup water quality directly affects boiler, cooling, and RO system performance.
Coagulants
Primary coagulants for destabilising suspended solids in raw water. Grade and form selected based on source water turbidity, alkalinity, and plant infrastructure.
- PAC (Powder), Polyaluminium Chloride, 28–30% Al₂O₃ content, for high-volume WTP with dry handling systems
- PAC (Liquid), Polyaluminium Chloride, 10–18% Al₂O₃, ready-to-dose for continuous dosing applications
- Aluminium Sulphate, conventional coagulant for moderate-turbidity source waters with adequate alkalinity
- Ferric Chloride, effective across wider pH range, preferred for high-colour and high-organic waters
Flocculants
Polymeric flocculants to bridge destabilised particles into settleable floc. Charge type selected by jar testing against source water characteristics.
- Anionic Polyacrylamide, standard flocculant for mineral-turbidity raw water after coagulant dosing
- Cationic Polyacrylamide, for organic-rich or low-turbidity waters requiring charge-assisted flocculation
- Non-ionic Polyacrylamide, for pH-sensitive applications and specialty clarification processes
Disinfectants
Oxidising disinfectants for pre-chlorination, primary disinfection, and residual maintenance across the distribution network.
- Liquid Chlorine, Cl₂ gas in pressurised cylinders, lowest cost per kg active chlorine for large WTP
- Calcium Hypochlorite, solid form (65–70% available chlorine), suitable for remote or smaller installations
- Sodium Hypochlorite, liquid form (10–12% NaOCl), simplest handling for continuous dosing
- Chlorine Dioxide, ClO₂, effective against chlorine-resistant organisms without forming THMs
pH Adjustment
Chemicals for raising or lowering pH to maintain optimal coagulation range and meet treated water specifications.
- Lime (Calcium Hydroxide), Ca(OH)₂, primary alkali for pH correction and alkalinity supplementation
- Caustic Soda (NaOH), liquid alkali for precise pH adjustment in automated dosing systems
- Sulphuric Acid, H₂SO₄, for pH reduction in high-alkalinity source waters
- Soda Ash, Na₂CO₃, mild alkali for buffering and alkalinity restoration
Activated Carbon
Adsorption media for taste, odour, and organic micropollutant removal in raw and treated water streams.
- Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC), dosed as slurry for seasonal taste and odour events, removed with sludge
- Granular Activated Carbon (GAC), fixed-bed or gravity filter media for continuous organic removal